امتحان تجريبي السنة التانية باكالوريا اللغة الانجليزية

امتحان تجريبي السنة التانية باكالوريا اللغة الانجليزية

Brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills
or knowledge,normally due to conflict,lack of opportunity,political instability,or health risks.Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost,since emigrants usually take
with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government.It is a parallel
of capital flight which refers to the same movement of financial capital.The term was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of scientists and technologists to
North America from post –war Eurpoe.Brain drain can be stopped by providing individuals
with career opportunities to prove their capabilities.

Brain drains are among developing nations ,such as theformer colonies of Africa,the island
nations of the Caribbean,and particularly in centralized economies such as former East
Germany and the Soviet Union,where remarkable skills were not financially rewarded.

Brain drain cost the African continent over 4 billion dollars in the employment of 150.000
expatriate professionals.Ethiopia lost 75 per cent of its skilled workforce between 1980
and 1991,which harms the ability of such nations to get out of poverty.Nigeria,Kenyia and
Ethiopia are believed to be the most affected.In the case of Ethiopia,the country produces
many excellent doctors ,but there are more Ethiopian doctors in Chicago than there are in
Ethiopia.

Pakistan also suffers from brain drain.Since Pakistan began market economic reforms in the
Late 70s,many Pakistani began migrating to Western Europe,North America and Oceania.
It is estimated that 30per cent of the 100.000 Pakistani students who study abroad annually
return to Pakistan .The fact is there are more job opportunities,higher standard of living
and education opportunities for Pakistani living abroad.The Pakistani government is trying
to lure back its foreign educated professionals by tweaking its salaries,housing and job incentives

READING COMPREHENSION 15MKS

A-What do these words refer to in the text? 2mks
1-The term (line 5)............................ .....
2-its(line23) .............................. ............

B-Give words from the text which mean the same as: 3mks
1-considered (para1)………………
2-invented(para1)…………....
3-attract(para 4)…………………

C-Answer these statements with Tor F and justify your answer.6mks
1-Brain drain has no definition.
.............................. .................... .............................. .................... ..................
2-Most Ethiopian doctors prefer to work in their dountry.
.............................. .................... .............................. .................... .............................. ...
3-Skilled Pakistani are well rewarded.
.............................. .................... .............................. .................... .............................. ..

D-Answer these questions from the text. 4mks

1-What is brain drain referred to in the text,?
.............................. .................... .............................. .................... ...........................
2-Why do skilled people leave their countries? Give two reasons.
………………………………………………………………………….. ............


******** 15MKS
A-Rewrite the given sentences as required 6mks
1-"you must have a driving licence"
They told us............................ .................... .............................. ..........
2-They have arrested the fugitive.
The fugitive...................... .................... .............................. ...................
3-Our team did not win the match.They did not move up in the league.
.............................. .................... .............................. .................... ........................
B-Give the correct form of the words between brackets adding a prefix or a suffix.3mks
1-If countries do not (operate)……………,they will not solve the problem of
international crimes
2-A lot of judges and policemen (use) .............................. ...their powers.
3-Readers found the article (accept)……………………….

C-Match the statements with their functions.3mks.
1-Are you for or against brain drain a-expressing regret
2-I wish I had not left my country. b-asking about opinion
3-I deeply regret using your cell phone c apologizing


III-WRITING 10mks

Today a lot of highly skilled Moroccans are working abroad.Write an essay stating
what should be done to make them come back and showing how their retuen can
contribute to the development of Morocco